มาดูตัวอย่างง่ายๆของ Gerunds กันดีกว่า

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ขอขอบคุณ แหล่งที่มา : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XdMLCCK5DQ&feature=related

Grammar rules with examples

Bare infinitive (without to)

We usually use infinitives with to in the English language. I want to go. I told him to come. The infinitive without to (bare infinitive) is used as follows.

1. After modal verbs - can, may, must, needn't, dare ...

    I can bring it. He may take it. You must buy it. We needn't open it. He dared not tell me.

        The verbs dare and need can also be followed by the infinitive with to. In such sentences we use do to make questions and negatives.

I dared not call you. x I didn't dare to call you.
 

         These two sentences have the same meaning, only the form is different.

You needn't listen to him.(You don't have to listen to him.) x You don't need to listen to him. (There is no need to listen.)

            These two sentences are different in the form and meaning, too.

2. After the verbs of senses - feel, hear, see, watch.
 

                    We saw you swim. I heard her sing.
 

             It is more common, however, to use -ing form in English after the verbs of senses.

                   We saw you swimming. I heard her singing.
 

             But: In the passive voice the infinitive with to must be used after these verbs.

                   She was seen to cry.

3. After some more expressions - let, make, would rather, had better, help.
 

                  Don't let him go. She made me drive. I'd rather finish it. You'd better start. I helped them carry it.
 

              The verb help can also be followed by the infinitiv with to.

                 I helped them to carry it.
 

               But the passive voice is followed by the infinitive with to.

               I was made to drive. He was let to go.

 

Infinitive or gerund?

              Some English verbs are followed by infinitive (They agreed to come), other verbs are followed by gerund (Did you enjoy flying?) and there are also verbs followed by infinitive and gerund (She began to work - She began working).
 

1. The verbs followed by infinitive only.

agree decide hope order promise

allow demand instruct permit refuse

appear encourage invite persuade remind

arrange fail learn plan seem

ask forbid manage prepare swear

choose force offer pretend warn

He decided to study at university. We hoped to find it. Did he seem to like it? They allowed me to smoke.

I ordered my son to send it.

2. The expressions followed by infinitive.

be about make up one's mind turn out

do one's best set out

He was about to start. I did my best to learn it. I haven't made up my mind to start yet. It turned out to be your car. We set out to cut the tree.

3. The verbs followed by gerund only.

admit enjoy forgive mind risk

consider escape imagine miss suggest

delay excuse insist practise understand

dislike finish keep prevent

She admitted telling him. Did you escape writing the test? I don't want to risk coming late.

Excuse, forgive and prevent are used with three different forms.

Excuse my being late. Excuse me being late. Excuse me for being late.

4. The expressions followed by gerund.

be against can't help look forward to

be interested in care for it's no use/good

can't stand give up it's worth

I can't stand waiting for hours. I can't help laughing. Don't give up studying this chapter. It's no use working so late. Is the film worth seeing?

5. The verbs followed by infinitives and gerunds.

A. With the same meaning.

begin can't bear allow recommend it requires

start intend permit it needs it wants

continue advise

Did you continue driving/to drive? He can't bear smoking/to smoke.

If the verbs advise, allow, permit, recommend are used with the indirect object, they are followed by infinitive. If not, gerund must be used.

They didn't allow us to eat there. They didn't allow eating there.

She recommended John to read this book. She recommended reading this book.

After the expressions it needs/requires/wants gerund is more common than infinitive.

The car needs washing/to be washed. The flower wants watering/to be watered.

B. The verbs that have a different meaning with infinitive or gerund.

Remember

I remember watching the match. It was fantastic. We use gerund to talk about earlier actions.

I remembered to watch the match.And so I sat down and switched on the TV. The infinitive is used to talk about following actions.

Try
 

I tried calling him because I needed to test my new mobile phone. I made an experiment with my mobile.
 

I tried to call him because I needed to meet him. I made an attempt to get in touch with him.
 

Love/like/hate/prefer

    In the conditional tense these verbs are used with the infinitive.

 I'd like to drive. I'd love to drive. I'd hate to drive. I'd prefer to drive.

In other tenses they are used with infinitives or gerunds, but both forms have a slightly different meaning.
 

I like driving. I love driving. I hate driving. I prefer driving.

I like to drive. I love to drive. I hate to drive. I prefer to drive.

Compare:
 

I like going to the cinema. (I enjoy it.)
 

I like to go to the dentist twice a year. (I don't enjoy it, but I go there, because it is good for my health.)
 

I hate ironing. (It is my least favourite activity. I never enjoy it.)
 

I hate to iron on Sundays. (I don't mind ironing, but not on Sundays.)

Go on
 

    After dinner he went on showing us his photos.

The gerund is used when we want to say that a previous activity continues.
 

He gave us a lecture on the Greek history. And then he went on to show us his photos from Greece.
 

The infinitiv is used when we want to describe an activity that follows a previous action and is somehow connected to it.
 

Stop
 

I stopped smoking. This means that I do not smoke anymore.
 

I stopped to smoke. I made a pause to have a cigarette.
 

Mean
 

I didn't mean to hurt you. I say that I didn't do it on purpose.
 

We can go to Spain. But it means spending more money. In this sentence we describe the consequences.

Be afraid
 

She was afraid of getting married. Any marriage is something that frightens her.
 

She was afraid to marry Bill. She doesn't mind getting married, but the marriage with Bill frightens her.

I'm sorry
 

I'm sorry for telling you. I apologize for a previuous action.
 

I'm sorry to tell you that your flight will be delayed. I apologize for something that will happen.
 

   The infinitive with this expression can also mean sorrow.

I'm sorry to hear that your wife is ill.
 

Note
 

        There are a lot of verbs and expressions that are used with gerunds and infinitives. In this chapter we only tried to mention the most frequently used verbs.

 

 

 

 

 

ขอขอบคุณ แหล่งที่มา :http://www.e-grammar.org/infinitive-gerund/

Consonant Doubling after Short Vowels

These words contain "short" vowel sounds. Double the final consonant before adding -ing

short a — /næp/	short e — /wɛd/	short i — /swɪm/	short o — /tʃɒp/	short u — /hʌg/
nap	wed	swim	chop	run
nap – napping	wed – wedding	swim – swimming	chop – chopping	run – running
wrap – wrapping	step – stepping	hit – hitting	jog – jogging	sun – sunning
bag – bagging	set – setting	win – winning	nod – nodding	hug – hugging
bat – batting	beg – begging	kid (joke) – kidding	spot – spotting	shut – shutting

บทสรุป GERUND และ INFINITIVE

                     

GERUND = ING
คือ กริยาที่เป็น Subject ได้เมื่อเสนอหน้าอยู่หน้าประโยค Cutting in line makes someone angry.
คือ กริยาสามารถแทรกกลางประโยคตามได้หลัง verb เฉพาะที่ต้องตามด้วย ing เท่านั้น Don't try cutting in line.
และหลัง Preposition ทั้งหลาย Before talking, please notice that you aren't cutting in line.

หลายคนคง งง (รวมทั้งผมด้วย) ว่าที่มันแทรกอยู่กลางประโยคเนี่ยมันมี Verb บังคับตัวไหนมั่ง
แล้วตัวไหนเป็นINFINITIVE ตัวไหนเป็น GERUND วันนี้ผมเลยรวมรวบมาไว้นะที่นี้แล้ว

VERB ดังต่อไปนี้เจอเมื่อไหร่ข้างหลังต้องเป็น V.ing เท่าันั้น (Error น่าจะออกเยอะ)
admit appreciate avoid compare confess consider delay deny detest enjoy escape excuse
fancy finish forgive imagine involve keep mention mind miss practice postpone recognize discuss
recollect report resent resist risk spend suggest prevent understand feel quit defer recall
complete anticipate tolerate
สังเกตได้ว่ากริยาพวกนี้มันไม่จำเป้นต้องแสดงท่าทาง ถ้าเรา understand เนี่ย เราต้องยกแข้งยกขาเต้นบัลเล่ให้คนอื่นเห้นว่าเรา understand มั้ย คำตอบคือ ไม่ต้อง !! ก็ understand อะ แล้วไง ?
สำนวนที่ต้องตามด้วย V.ing
be accustomed to คุ้ยเคยต่อการ
be opposed to คัดต้านที่การ
be tired of เหนื่อยกับการ
be used to / get used to
can't bear / can't help
can't resist ต่อต้านไม่ได้กับการ
can't stand อดไม่ได้กับการ
give up / give up on เลิก
go on ทำต่อไป
insist on ยืนกรานกับการ
It's no good ไม่ดีที่จะ
It's no used ไม่มีประโยชน์ีี่ที่จะ
It's worth สมควรที่จะ,คุ้มที่จะ
leave of หยุดท
look forward to ตั้งใจรอคอยกับ
prefer to
put off เลื่อนออกไป
object to คัดค้านกับการ
think of
Would you mind ... ?/ Do you mind ... ? จะรังเกียจมั้ย
Would rather.../ Had better ... + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO ควรจะ ... ดีกว่า

คำที่เป็นได้ทั้ง GERUND และ INFINITIVE แต่ความหมาย ไม่เปลี่ยน

advise attempt bear begin cease continue dislike fear hate intend learn like love omit plan
prefer propose (นำเสนอ) start

I begin to plan a big party

I begin planing a big party

ยังไงก็แปลว่า : วางแผนจัดงานปาตี้ที่ใหญ่

คำที่เป็นได้ทั้ง GERUND และ INFINITIVE แต่ความหมาย เปลี่ยน
เอาละเริ่มยุ่งยากขึ้นและเอาละเรามีวิธีจำง่ายๆ
GERUND อดีต(สิ่งที่ทำไปแล้วในอดีต) INFINITIVE อนาคต (สิ่งที่กำลังจะทำ)
stop + infinitive = หยุดเพื่อจะทำอย่างอื่น
stop + gerund = หยุดหรือเลิก ทำในสิ่งที่ทำมา

forget + infinitive = ลืมที่จะทำ
forget + gerund = ลืมว่าได้ทำไปแล้ว

remember + infinitive = ไม่ลืมว่าจะ
remember + gerund = จำได้ถึงสิ่งที่ผ่านมา

regret + infinitive = เสียใจที่จะทำนั้นๆ
regret + gerund = เสียใจในสิ่งที่ทำไปแล้ว

try + infinitive = พยามที่จะทำสิ่งนั้น
try + gerund = พยายามกับสิ่งนั้นมาแล้ว

เท่านั้นยังไม่พอเรามีอีกโครงสร้างมานำเสนอ verb + ing หรือ verb + object + to
verb คือ advise allow bid encourage forbid feel hear let make notice observe recommend
see watch smell

verb + ing	verb + object + to
I forbid playing GTA She doens't let go	I forbid everyone to play GTA She doesn't let him to go

แถมครับแถม

V.TO BE + V.ing แปลว่า น่า...(ACTIVE)

V.TO BE + V₃ แปลว่า รู้สึก...(PASSIVE)

Do you think musicials are interesting.

NO! I was shocked.

 

 

Verb เหล่านั้นได้แก่
 

annoy bore disappoint excite interest please satisfy surpise tired shock disgust thrill

fascinate disturb amaze frustrate confuse depress delight 

VERB จำพวกนี้ไม่จำเป็นต้องเติม VERY หรือ MUCH หรือ A LOT

มีความมายว่า "อย่างมาก" ในตัวมันเองอยู่แล้ว

I'm surpising ฉันน่าแปลกใจม๊าก

I'm so surpised ฉันก็รู้สึกแปลกใจม๊าก

ขอขอบคุณ แหล่งที่มา : http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/gerund1.html#maincontent
                                       http://vallenes.exteen.com/20090222/gerund-infinitive

Gerunds หรือ Verbal Nouns

Gerunds หรือ Verbal Nouns

Gerunds หรือ Verbal Nouns

มีคำกริยา 2 ประเภทที่ลงท้ายด้วย ing ประเภทแรกเรียกว่า present participle คือคำที่ใช้กับกริยาช่วย (auxiliary verb) เพื่อทำให้ประโยคนั้นๆเป็นรูป continuous tense เช่น

• We are making good progress.
• Susan was dancing in the moonlight.
• I shall be seeing George tomorrow.
• I have been struggling with English Grammar all week.

Present participle ยังสามารถใช้กับกริยาช่วยในลักษณะที่เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ (adjective) และในรูปของวลี participial phrase เช่น

• The ward seemed to be full of crying babies.
• The lady standing behind me in the queue suddently fainted.
• Shaking in fury, Harry walked out of the room.
• I watched Susan dancing in the moonlight.

ส่วนกริยาที่เต็ม ing อีกประเภทหนึ่ง เราเรียกว่า gerund คือ verb เติม ing และเราสามารถใช้ gerund ทำหน้าที่เป็นคำนาม หรือเรียกอีกอย่างหนึ่งว่า verbal noun
1. เนื่องจาก gerund เป็นคำนาม (noun) มันจึงทำหน้าที่เป็นประธานของกริยา เช่น

• Dancing relaxes you.
• Running is a good way to keep fit.
• Smoking is banned on all flights.
• Drink-driving has caused many tragic deaths.

2. Gerund ทำหน้าที่เป็นกรรม (object) ของกริยา (verb) ได้ เช่น

• Jim loves walking and mountain-climbing.
• Have you ever tried skating?
• I don't like waiting in queues.

3. Gerund ทำหน้าที่เป็นกรรม (object) ของคำบุพบท (preposition) เช่น

• Think before deciding.
• Always shower after exercising.
• Thanks for helping.
• You're good at drawing.

4.Gerund สามารถทำหน้าที่เป็นภาคเติมเต็ม ตามหลัง linking verb ได้ เช่น

• Seeing is believing.
• Looking at another player's cards is cheating.

5. Gerund ทำหน้าที่คล้ายคำคุณศัพท์ adjectivally เช่น

• Have you brought your swimming costume?
• The washing machine is broken.
• I'll show you to the dining room.

6. Determiners, คำแสดงความเป็นเจ้าของ (possessive), คำคุณศัพท์ (adjective) นั้นเราสามารถใช้กับ gerund ได้ เช่น

• The play would have been nothing without the accomplished acting.
• Noisy coughing spoilt the performance for me.
• The children's delightful singing made the evening.
• This unseemingly shouting is getting us nowhere.
• My girlfriend is fed up with my inexpert dancing.
• Any cheating will be severely punished.
• No smoking is permitted aboard the aircraft.

Gerund หรือเรียกอีกอย่างหนึ่งว่า verbal noun ยังมีลักษณะเฉพาะของคำกริยาคือ
1. สามารถมีกรรม (object) มารองรับ ซึ่งรวมถึงกรรมโดยอ้อม (indirect object) เช่น

• Taking excercise is good for you.
• Giving people presents is fun.
• We try to avoid punishing pupils.
• Ellen is good at getting her own way.
• The big problem will be finding the time.

2.Gerund หรือ verbal noun สามารถตามด้วยคำกริยาวิเศษณ์ (adverb) หรือ adverbials เช่น

• We'll gain nothing by acting hastily.
• I don't enjoy sitting in the sun.
• Talking to people has to be more sensible than war.
• Working all night long will not improve your health.

3. Gerund หรือ verbal noun มีรูปกรรมวาจก (passive forms) (โดยใช้ being + past participle) และรูป perfect (โดยใช้ having + past participle) เช่น

• I hated being cross-questioned like that.
• I'm pround of having written that book.

4. ทำให้เป็นประโยคปฏิเสธได้โดยวางไว้หลัง not เช่น

• Not having the car this week is a great nuisance.
• Not being a university graduate hasn't made any difference to my success.
• I was hurt at not being invited to the wedding.

เมื่อ gerund หรือ verbal noun ถูกใช้กับคำคุณศัพท์ หรือ determiner เราใช้ of ก่อนกรรม (object) ถ้ามี เช่น

• Sensitive handling of the economy is required at this stage.
• The settling of claims may take quite a time.
• Please remain seated during the singing of the next hymn.
• The reading of the will takes place at two o'clock.

คำสรรพนามคือ It ใช้ทำหน้าที่เป็นประธานขั้นต้น (preliminiary subject) โดยมี gerund (หรือ verbal noun) เป็น postponed subject เช่น

• It's no good losing your temper.
• It's no use your shouting.
• It's great having the apartment to myself.
• It's a nuisance not having the car this week.

ใช้กับป้ายประกาศให้สาธารณชนทราบ หรือคำสั่งห้ามต่างๆ เช่น

• No Parking Overnight.
• No Littering.
• No running in the corridor, please!
• No talking in class, please!

Verb + Verbal noun

• I suggest moving his desk into the bedroom.
• Do you enjoy causing trouble?
• At last it has stopped raining.
• Have you finished writing your assignment?
• I keep (on) forgetting to buy washing powder.
• You'll get a seat if you don't mind waiting in a queue.
• Avoid hurting other people's feelings.
• I can't help feeling angry.
• I can't bear seeing good food wasted.
• Dad can't stand apologizing.
• Would you consider taking a lower-paid job?
• I dislike making a fuss.
• Don't give up trying.
• Do you fancy climbing that tower?
• I can't risk leaving the door uncocked.
• They burst out laughing.
• The mountaineering will involve climbing with ropes.
• Practise moving your toes independently.
• I admitted using her computer.
• I denied having altered any settings on her computer.

verb + preposition + gerund (หรือ verbal noun)

• We believe in disciplining children early.
• I insist on driving you to the station.
• Jake persisted in disrupting the classes.
• I apologize for being late.
• I object to paying for parking outside my own apartment block.
• Are you thinking of changing jobs?
• Richard dreams of becoming an opera singer.
• I wouldn't dream of waking her before 8 o'clock.
• I don't approve of teaching children to read before the age of five.
• He worries about not being accepted by other people.
• I depend wholly on having good health.
• We're looking forward to meeting you.

transitive verb + object + preposition + gerund (หรือ verbal noun) เช่น

• The weather didn't stop me from enjoying my holiday.
• Can we interest you in investing in our company?
• Are you accusing me of lying?
• We suspected her of having committed fraud.
• The authorities prevented us from finding out the truth.
• I prefer rail travel to flying.

noun + preposition + gerund (หรือ verbal noun) เช่น

• The difficulty of making yourself understood makes you reluctant to talk to deaf people.
• The thought of packing up all my belongings fills me with dread.
• If there's no alternative to telling a lie, you have to do it.
• Do you think there's any possibility of persuading her?
• When I next get the opportunity of speaking to her, I'll mention your name.
• She always had a taste for dressing outrageously.
• My inclination is of course towards holidaying somewhere warm.
• There are various methods of backing up your files.
• George showed no interest in taking exercise.
• Thank you for your kindness in offering us hospitality for the night.
• There's a ban on smoking in most public places nowadays.
• Congratulations on winning the competition.
• The idea of that man kissing her appalled him.
• This book is intended as a brief introduction to computer-programming.
• There's no proof of her having visited Jack that evening.
• There's no substitute for swimming in the sea.

adjective + preposition + gerund (หรือ verbal noun) เช่น

• I'm so bad at organizing myself.
• He's obviously determined on leaving as soon as possible.
• Are you interested in making some money?
• Janet's too fond of teasing people.
• Is he really capable of murdering someone?
• Mary's incapable of hurting anyone deliberately.
• Who's responsible for locking up the shop?
• Ellen's clever at manipulating people.
• I'm pleased at having won so much support.
• We're accustomed to getting up early.
• You're not afraid of getting wet, are you?

เราสามารถใช้ได้ทั้ง verbal nouns (หรือ gerund) และ to-infinitive กับคำกริยาต่างต่อไปนี้ โดยที่มีความหมายเหมือนกัน คือ

Verb + verbal noun Verb + to infinitive

• She continued reading quietly in his corner. / Same continued to read quietly in his corner.
• The customer started making a fuss./ The customer started to make a fuss.
• The baby began yelling./ The baby began to yell.
• We intend visiting the museum later today./ We intend to visit the museum later today.
• We prefer making our own Christmas cards./ We prefer to make our own Christmas cards.

เมื่อใช้ verbal noun และ to-infinitive กับคำกริยาต่อไปนี้ จะมีความหมายแตกต่างกันเล็กน้อย

• เราสามารถใช้ได้ทั้ง verbal nouns (หรือ gerund) และ to-infinitive กับคำกริยาต่างต่อไปนี้ โดยที่มีความหมายเหมือนกัน คือ
  
  Verb + verbal noun Verb + to infinitive
• I can't bear waiting (=I suffer while waiting) for exam results. /
• Open the letter now- I can't bear to wait (=I don't want to wait).
• I love learning (= I enjoy learning) new skills.
• I love to learn (=I often choose to learn) new skills.
• I like getting up early (= I enjoy getting up early).
• I like to get up early (=I choose to get up early).
• I hate hurting (=I'm unhappy when I hurt) her feelings.
• I hate to hurt (=I don't want to hurt) her feelings.

advise, allow, permit, forbid
เราสามารถใช้ verbal noun ตามหลัง advise, allow, permit และ forbid ได้ถ้าหากว่าไม่มีกรรม (object) ในรูปของคำนาม หรือ คำสรรพนาม แต่ถ้ามี object ก็ให้ใช้ to-infinitive เช่น
Verb verbal noun verb + to-infinitive

• We advise arriving early at the theatre./ We advise you to arrive early at the theatre.
• We permit smoking in Coach M./ We permit passengers to smoke in Coach M.
• They don't allow picnicking here./ They don't allow people to picnic here.
• We forbid drug-taking in this hostel./ We forbid guests to take drugs in this hostel.

need, require และ want
need และ require เราสามารถสร้างประโยคเป็น passive to-infinitive หรือใช้รูป ing โดยมีความหมาย passive ได้ เช่น

• These dishes need to be washed.
• These dishes need washing.
• These letters require to be filed.
• These letters require filing.

ในประโยคที่ไม่เป็นทางการ เราสามารถใช้ want + verbal noun เช่น

• The garden wants weeding.
  
  ขอขอบคุณ แหล่งที่มาจาก :http://pserm-e-grammar.blogspot.com/2008/04/gerunds-verbal-nouns.html